Association of Combined Healthy Lifestyle Factors With Incident Dementia in Participants With and Without Multimorbidity: A Large Population-Based Prospective Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: The effect of a healthy lifestyle on dementia associated with multimorbidity is not well understood. Our objective is to examine whether the adoption of a healthy lifestyle could potentially reduce the elevated risk of dementia in individuals with and without multimorbidity. METHODS: We utilized data from the UK Biobank cohort. A comprehensive healthy lifestyle score, ranging from 0 to 6, was generated. Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine the associations between multimorbidity, the healthy lifestyle score, and the incidence risk of dementia. RESULTS: Over a median follow-up period of 12.5 years, 5 852 all-cause dementia were recorded. Multimorbidity including cardiovascular, metabolic, neuropsychiatric, and inflammation-related diseases was associated with a higher risk of subsequent dementia. Each additional chronic disease was associated with a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.38 (95% CI: 1.33, 1.44). Compared to individuals without multimorbidity and a healthy lifestyle score of 5-6, patients with multimorbidity and a lifestyle score of 0-1 had a significantly higher risk of dementia (HR: 3.13; 95% CI: 2.64, 3.72), but the risk was markedly attenuated among those with multimorbidity and a lifestyle score of 5-6. Among patients with 3 or more diseases, the HR for dementia was 0.53 (95%CI: 0.42, 0.68) when comparing a lifestyle score of 5-6 to 0-1. And we observed more pronounced association between them among people younger than 60 years old. CONCLUSIONS: Adherence to a combination of healthy lifestyle factors, especially at a young age, was associated with a significantly lower risk of dementia among participants with multimorbidity.

Failure mechanical properties of lumbar intervertebral disc under high loading rate.

BACKGROUND: Lumbar disc herniation (LDH) is the main clinical cause of low back pain. The pathogenesis of lumbar disc herniation is still uncertain, while it is often accompanied by disc rupture. In order to explore relationship between loading rate and failure mechanics that may lead to lumbar disc herniation, the failure mechanical properties of the intervertebral disc under high rates of loading were analyzed. METHOD: Bend the lumbar motion segment of a healthy sheep by 5° and compress it to the ultimate strength point at a strain rate of 0.008/s, making a damaged sample. Within the normal strain range, the sample is subjected to quasi-static loading and high loading rate at different strain rates. RESULTS: For healthy samples, the stress-strain curve appears collapsed only at high rates of compression; for damaged samples, the stress-strain curves collapse both at quasi-static and high-rate compression. For damaged samples, the strengthening stage becomes significantly shorter as the strain rate increases, indicating that its ability to prevent the destruction is significantly reduced. For damaged intervertebral disc, when subjected to quasi-static or high rates loading until failure, the phenomenon of nucleus pulposus (NP) prolapse occurs, indicating the occurrence of herniation. When subjected to quasi-static loading, the AF moves away from the NP, and inner AF has the greatest displacement; when subjected to high rates loading, the AF moves closer to the NP, and outer AF has the greatest displacement. The Zhu-Wang-Tang (ZWT) nonlinear viscoelastic constitutive model was used to describe the mechanical behavior of the intervertebral disc, and the fitting results were in good agreement with the experimental curve. CONCLUSION: Experimental results show that, both damage and strain rate have a significant effect on the mechanical behavior of the disc fracture. The research work in this article has important theoretical guiding significance for preventing LDH in daily life.

Nitrogen transformation and its microbial mechanism under co-composting of biogas slurry with garden waste.

Large amount of garden waste is consecutively produced in China every year. The composting with urea and microbial inoculum makes it possible to dispose garden waste in large quantities. However, composting accompanies with serious nitrogen loss and environmental problems. The biogas slurry contains considerable nitrogen nutrients and microorganisms, which theoretically could be used as alternative to urea and bacteria to reduce nitrogen loss, respectively. We set up three treatments of biogas slurry + garden waste (GB), biogas slurry + garden waste + urea (GBU), and biogas slurry + garden waste + urea + microbial inoculum (GBUM) to investigate the decomposition, nitrogen conversion and nitrogen loss in the co-composting process. The results showed that the high tempe-rature period of GB treatment was longer and more stable compared to that of GBU and GBUM treatments. The pH and EC value of GB treatment would benefit composting process and generated products with the highest germination index (GI) (221.8%). In addition, NH3 and N2O emission rates in the GB treatment were 2.59 mg·kg-1·d-1 and 3.65 µg·kg-1·d-1, respectively, being 99.0% and 50.0% lower than that in the GBU treatment and 99.4% and 40.7% lower than that in the GBUM treatment. The results of δ18O vs. δ15NSP dual isotopocule plots approach analysis showed that the GB and GBU treatments were dominated by denitrification, and that the contribution of denitrification was higher in the GB treatment. In contrast, the GBUM treatment was dominated by nitrification. The degree of N2O reduction in GB treatment (83.7%) was higher than the other two treatments. It was clear that GB treatment had the best maturity and lowest nitrogen loss in all treatments by enhancing the N2O reduction process during denitrification to reduce N2O emission. In conclusion, the biogas slurry and garden wastes could be directly co-composted without the limitation of C/N and microbial addition. The co-composting method could protect the environment and save resources leading to the recycling of waste in actual production.

Global, Regional, and National Burden of Cancer in Children Younger Than 5 Years, 1990-2019: Analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019.

Objectives: To quantify the burden and variation trends of cancers in children under 5 years at the global, regional, and national levels from 1990 to 2019. Methods: Epidemiological data for children under 5 years who were diagnosed with any one childhood cancer were obtained from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) from 1990 to 2019. The outcomes were the absolute numbers and rates of incidence, prevalence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for different types of cancer. Results: In 2019, 8,774,979.1 incident cases (95% uncertainty interval [UI]: 6,243,599.2 to11,737,568.5) and 8,956,583.8 (6,446,323.9 to 12,364,520.8) prevalent cases of cancer in children under 5 years were identified worldwide; these cancers resulted in 44,451.6 (36,198.7 to 53,905.9) deaths and 3,918,014.8 (3,196,454.9 to 4,751,304.2) DALYs. From 1990 to 2019, although the numbers of incident and prevalent cases only decreased by -4.6% (-7.0 to -2.2) and -8.3% (-12.6 to -3.4), respectively, the numbers of deaths and DALYs clearly declined by -47.8% (-60.7 to -26.4) and -47.7% (-60.7 to -26.2), respectively. In 2019, the middle sociodemographic index (SDI) regions had the highest incidence and prevalence, whereas the low SDI regions had the most mortality and DALYs. Although all of the SDI regions displayed a steady drop in deaths and DALYs between 1990 and 2019, the low-middle and low SDI regions showed increasing trends of incidence and prevalence. Leukemia remained the most common cancer globally in 2019. From 1990 to 2019, the burdens of leukemia, liver cancer, and Hodgkin's lymphoma declined, whereas the incidence and prevalence of other cancers grew, particularly testicular cancer. Conclusions: The global childhood cancer burden in young children has been steadily decreasing over the past three decades. However, the burdens and other characteristics have varied across different regions and types of cancers. This highlights the need to reorient current treatment strategies and establish effective prevention methods to reduce the global burden of childhood cancer.

Epidemiological distribution of hepatitis B virus genotypes in 1-29-year-olds in the mainland of China.

BACKGROUND: To analyze the epidemiological distribution of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotype in the mainland of China following the implementation of effective preventive measures. METHODS: Five hundred and seventeen HBsAg-positive subjects aged 1-29 years surveyed in the 2014 national HBV sero-survey in the mainland of China were enrolled in the study. The full-length HBV genome was obtained by PCR amplification and sequencing. The HBV genotype was determined by phylogenetic analysis. Combined with questionnaire information, HBV genotype distribution was analyzed. RESULTS: Of the 517 HBsAg-positive subjects, 369 (71.4%) were included in the analysis. HBV genotypes found were B (45.0%), C (36.6%), D (6.0%), C/D (9.8%), B/C (2.2%), and I (0.5%). Geographic differences in HBV genotype were significant for seven regions. Three serotypes were found: adw (47.2%), adr (35.5%), and ayw (17.3%). B2 (43.9%) and C2 (25.2%) were the two major subgenotypes. The predominant genotypes differed between the Han group and the other ethnic groups. No statistical differences in genotype distribution were found by gender, age group, or hepatitis B (HepB) vaccination history. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of HBV genotype B was higher than that of genotype C with subgenotypes B2 and C2 endemic in 1-29-year-olds in the mainland of China, after HBV prevalence has reduced significantly due to the implementation of preventive measures. HepB vaccination or other factors did not interfere with HBV genotype distribution. The surveillance of HBV genotype was essential for responding to the potential changes and impact on the preventive policies in the future.

Changes in Waist Circumference and Abdominal Obesity among Chinese Adults over a Ten-year Period.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to describe changes in waist circumference (WC) and prevalence of abdominal obesity over a period of 10 years among Chinese adults in different socio-economic status (SES). METHODS: Data derived from the China Nutrition and Health Surveillance during 2002 and 2010-2012. We calculated the mean WC and the prevalence of abdominal obesity by gender, place of residence, SES indicators (education, income, and marital status), and body mass index (BMI) categoriesand used pooled t-tests to assess the differences between the two time periods. RESULTS: 26.0% of men and 25.3% of women had abdominal obesity in 2010-2012. The age-adjusted mean WC increased by 2.7 cm among men and 2.1 cm among women; the age-adjusted prevalence of abdominal obesity increased by 7.7% among men and 5.3% among women. The rising trends were observed in all subgroups except for a negative growth in high-income women. People living in rural areas with low education and income and with a BMI of 18.5 to 23.9 kg/m2 had a greater absolute and relative increase in WC. People living in rural areas with low income had a greater relative increase in abdominal obesity. CONCLUSION: The mean WC and prevalence of abdominal obesity among Chinese adults have increased during the past 10 years. Gender differences were noted using various SES indicators.

Hepatitis B vaccine alone may be enough for preventing hepatitis B virus transmission in neonates of HBsAg (+)/HBeAg (-) mothers.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: To prospectively evaluate the efficacy of vaccine alone compared with vaccine plus HBIG for preventing HBV transmission in neonates of HBsAg (+)/HBeAg (-) mothers. METHODS: Combined immunization is currently recommended for neonates of HBsAg (+) mothers in China. As a result, a randomized design is infeasible due to ethical reasons. In practice, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Jiangsu Province implement vaccine alone and vaccine plus HBIG strategies for neonates born to HBsAg (+)/HBeAg (-) mothers, respectively. We alternatively enrolled neonates of HBsAg (+)/HBeAg (-) mothers from these two regions. Three doses of a recombinant yeast-derived hepatitis B vaccine were given at 0, 1 and 6months with or without HBIG at birth. RESULTS: At 7months, sera were collected from 132 neonates in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and 752 neonates in Jiangsu Province. Baseline characteristics of both mothers and neonates were comparable in the two regions. No differences were revealed regarding the occurrence of perinatal HBV transmission with or without HBIG at birth [0.1% (1/752) vs. 0.0% (0/132), p=1.000]. The anti-HBs response rates were 97.7% (129/132) and 98.5% (740/751) for the neonates with vaccine alone and with HBIG (p=0.758), respectively. Vaccine alone induced a significantly higher anti-HBs GMC as compared to vaccine plus HBIG at 7months of age (1555.3mIU/mL vs. 654.9mIU/mL, p<0.0001). At 12months of age, protective levels of anti-HBs remained in 97.4% (596/612) and 98.3% (118/120) of the neonates receiving and not receiving HBIG, respectively (p=0.771). The neonates receiving combined prophylaxis had a markedly lower anti-HBs GMC (210.7mIU/mL vs. 297.0mIU/mL, p=0.011). Horizontal HBV transmission occurred in none of the successfully immunized neonates for both compared groups at 12months of age. CONCLUSIONS: Vaccine alone may be enough for preventing HBV transmission in neonates of HBsAg (+)/HBeAg (-) mothers.

Occult HBV Infection in Immunized Neonates Born to HBsAg-Positive Mothers: A Prospective and Follow-Up Study.

OBJECTIVE: Occult HBV infection (OBI) has been reported in infants born to HBsAg-positive mothers despite immunization. This study aims to determine the maintenance of this status in a prospective birth cohort. METHODS: A total of 158 neonates born to HBsAg-positive mothers were enrolled. All received passive-active immunization against HBV according to a 0-1-6 schedule. Sera were collected at 7 months of age. Those diagnosed with OBI were serially followed up at 12, 24 and 36 months of age. HBV serological markers were determined by Abbott i2000 system. HBV DNA was quantitated by Abbott m2000 system. Standard PCR followed by direct sequencing were applied for mother-child HBV pairs. Homology and phylogenetic comparisons were done by BLAST and Mega 5. RESULTS: All the 158 neonates were HBsAg-negative and anti-HBs-positive at 7 months of age, and 32 (20.3%) of them were diagnosed with OBI, with a median HBV DNA level of 1.97 (1.20-3.71) log IU/mL. Of them, HBV DNA was positive in 25.0%, 21.9% and 7.7% at 12, 24 and 36 months of age, respectively. HBV DNA disappeared at one of the follow-up points in 31 neonates, however, rebounded to low levels in 6 of them thereafter. HBV DNA persisted at low levels during follow-ups in the other one neonate apart from the above 31. All remained negative for HBsAg. Only two (6.3%) neonates were positive for anti-HBc after 24 months of age. HBV showed close homology and phylogenetic relationships for mother-child pairs. S-escape mutant, G145R, was not discovered. The first vaccine dose within 6 hours of birth significantly reduced the occurrence of OBI (59.4% vs. 83.3%, p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: HBV may be controlled in immunized neonates of HBsAg-positive mothers, after being diagnosed with OBI. Timely vaccination against HBV may provide the utmost protection. Long-term and close monitorings are needed.

Rapid assessment of knowledge, attitudes, practices, and risk perception related to the prevention and control of Ebola virus disease in three communities of Sierra Leone.

BACKGROUND: The recent outbreak of the Ebola virus disease (EVD) in Sierra Leone has been characterized by the World Health Organization as one of the most challenging EVD outbreaks to date. The first confirmed case in Sierra Leone was a young woman who was admitted to a government hospital in Kenema following a miscarriage on 24 May 2014. On 5 January 2015, intensified training for an EVD response project was initiated at the medical university of Sierra Leone in Jui. To understand the knowledge, attitudes, practices, and perceived risk of EVD among the public, especially after this training, a rapid assessment was conducted from 10 to 16 March 2015. METHODS: Interviews were conducted with 466 participants based on questionnaires that were distributed from 10 to 16 March 2015 by cluster sampling in three adjacent communities, namely Jui, Grafton, and Kossoh Town, in the Western Area Rural District of Sierra Leone. RESULTS: It was found that knowledge about EVD was comprehensive and high. Positive attitude towards prevention was found to be satisfactory. Nearly all participants knew the reporting phone number 117 and had reported some change in behavior since learning about Ebola. More than half (62 %) of the participants had a history of travelling to urban areas, which increases the risk of infection. The multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that community and occupation were variables associated with perceived risk of EVD. CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed that community level social mobilization and community engagement were an effective strategy in the special context.

The immunogenicity in healthy infants and efficiency to prevent mother to child transmission of Hepatitis B virus of a 10µg recombinant yeast-derived Hepatitis B vaccine (Hep-KSC).

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: To evaluate immunogenicity and efficacy of a 10µg recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae-derived hepatitis B vaccine (Kangtai Biological Products Co. Ltd, Shenzhen, China) (Hep-KSC) in newborns. METHODS: Overall 1197 infants born to mothers negative for HBV markers (NM group) and 534 born to HBsAg-positive mothers (PM Group) were enrolled. Infants in NM group were given 10µg Hep-KSC, 10µg Engerix-B or 5µg Hep-KSC and those in PM group received 10µg Hep-KSC or 10µg Engerix-B at 0, 1 and 6 months, with an additional 200IU HBIG at birth for the latter. RESULTS: For NM Group, 10µg Hep-KSC paralleled 10µg Engerix-B but outperformed 5µg Hep-KSC regarding seroprotective rate (95.06% vs 94.83% vs 89.67%, p=0.0077) and anti-HBs geometric mean concentration (GMC) (798.87mIU/ml vs 790.16mIU/ml vs 242.04mIU/ml, p<0.0001) at 7 months. The proportion of infants with anti-HBs greater than 1000mIU/ml was higher in 10µg Hep-KSC than 5µg Hep-KSC group (45.77% vs 11.93%, p<0.0001) at 7 and 12 months. For PM Group, the HBsAg positivity rate in 10µg Hep-KSC and 10µg Engerix-B group was 1.60% and 4.27% at 7 months, respectively. In 10µg Hep-KSC group, 93.61% and 91.29% achieved seroprotection at 7 and 12 months, respectively, and correspondingly 90.24% and 86.96% in 10µg Engerix-B group. The anti-HBs GMC was comparable between 10µg Hep-KSC and 10µg Engerix-B group at 7 and 12 months (575.31mIU/ml vs 559.64mIU/ml; 265.79mIU/ml vs 264.48mIU/ml). CONCLUSIONS: 10µg Hep-KSC might be appropriate for neonatal immunization with good immunogenicity and efficacy, especially for infants born to HBsAg-positive mothers.

Comparison of Undernutrition Prevalence of Children under 5 Years in China between 2002 and 2013.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the undernutrition status of children under 5-year in China, and study the trend between 2002 and 2013). METHODS: The study was based on two national surveys. Undernutrition was determined against WHO's 2006 growth standards. The prevalence in 2013 and 2002 was weighted by China sixth National Population Census (2010). The relationship between undernutrition and gender/age groups/different areas use weighted logistic regression. RESULTS: The results indicated the overall prevalence of stunting, underweight, and wasting of Chinese children under 5-year was 8.1%, 2.4%, and 1.9% in 2013, respectively. The prevalence of stunting was higher for children aged 12-47 month, while underweight was higher for children aged 48-59 month. The prevalence of undernutrition was higher in rural areas than in urban areas, especially in poor rural areas. There was a decline of stunting, underweight, and wasting between 2002 and 2013 among the children, with greater reduction in rural areas than in urban areas. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of undernutrition of children under 5-year remains high in rural areas especially in poor rural areas in China. It is urgent to take action to control undernutrition in the vulnerable areas and subgroups.

Effectiveness of Adherence to Standardized Hypertension Management by Primary Health Care Workers in China: a Cross-sectional Survey 3 Years after the Healthcare Reform.

The standardized hypertension management provided by primary health care workers is an important part of China's recent health care reform efforts. Investigating 5,116 hypertensive patients from a cross-sectional survey conducted by the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention in 2012, this study found that adherence to standardized hypertension management is associated with positive effects on hypertension- related knowledge, healthy lifestyle behavior, antihypertensive medical treatments, and blood pressure control. It will be necessary to provide primary health care workers with sufficient training and reasonable incentives to ensure the implementation and effectiveness of hypertension management.

An economic analysis of adult hepatitis B vaccination in China.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: With the universal infant hepatitis B vaccination (HepB) program, China has made remarkable achievements to prevent and control hepatitis B. In order to further reduce hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, the Chinese government is considering implementing a widespread adult HBV vaccination campaign. We performed an economic analysis of two different adult HepB vaccination strategies for 21-59-years-olds: vaccination without screening and screening-based vaccination. METHODS: Cost-benefit analyses were conducted. All 21-59-year-olds were divided into two groups: young adults (ages 21-39) and middle-aged adults (ages 40-59). Costs and benefits were estimated using the direct cost and societal (direct and indirect costs) perspectives. All costs and benefits were adjusted to 2014 US dollars, where future values were discounted at a 3% annual rate. We calculated benefit-cost ratios (BCRs) of the two vaccination strategies for the two different age groups. Sensitivity analyses varied key parameters within plausible ranges. RESULTS: Among young adults, the direct and societal BCRs for a vaccination campaign with no screening would be 1.06 and 1.42; with a screening-based vaccination campaign, the model estimated the direct and societal BCRs would be 1.19 and 1.73. Among middle-aged adults, the direct and societal BCRs for a vaccination campaign without screening would be 0.59 and 0.59; with a screening-based vaccination campaign, the model estimated the direct and societal BCRs would be 0.68 and 0.73. CONCLUSION: The results of our study support a HepB vaccination campaign for young adults. Additionally, a vaccination campaign with screening appeared to provide greater value than a vaccination without screening.

Inaccuracy of Self-reported Low Sodium Diet among Chinese: Findings from Baseline Survey for Shandong & Ministry of Health Action on Salt and Hypertension (SMASH) Project.

This study was aimed to evaluate the agreement between the self-reported sodium intake level and 24-h urine sodium excretion level in Chinese. The 24-h urine collection was conducted among 2112 adults aged 18-69 years randomly selected in Shandong Province, China. The subjects were asked whether their sodium intake was low, moderate, or high. The weighted kappa statistics was calculated to assess the agreement between 24-h urine sodium excretion level and self-reported sodium intake level. One third of the subjects reported low sodium intake level. About 70% of the subjects had mean 24-h sodium excretion>9 g/d, but reported low or moderate sodium intake. The agreement between self-reported sodium intake level and 24-h urine sodium excretion level was low in both normotensive subjects and hypertensive subjects. These findings suggested that many subjects who reported low sodium intake had actual urine sodium excretion>9 g/d. Sodium intake is often underestimated in both hypertensive and normotensive participants in China.

Poliomyelitis eradication in China: 1953-2012.

BACKGROUND: Poliomyelitis has historically been endemic in China and has been considered an important cause of disability and death. METHODS: We reviewed strategies and measures of poliomyelitis control and eradication from 1953 to 2012. Data from notifiable disease and routine immunization reporting systems and acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance were analyzed. RESULTS: About 20 000 poliomyelitis cases were reported annually in the prevaccine era. During 1965-1977, live, attenuated oral poliomyelitis vaccine (OPV) was administered to children through annual mass campaigns in the winter, and the number of poliomyelitis cases started to decline. A cold chain system was established during 1982, and OPV coverage increased during the early stage of the Expanded Programme on Immunization, from 1978 to 1988. Between 1989 and 1999, routine immunization was strengthened, supplementary immunization activities (SIAs) were conducted, and the AFP surveillance system was established. China reported a last indigenous poliomyelitis case in 1994 and was certified as free of polio in 2000. To maintain its polio-free status, China kept >90% coverage of 3 doses of OPV, conducted SIAs in high-risk areas, and maintained high-quality of AFP surveillance. China succeeded in stopping the outbreak in Xinjiang in 2011. CONCLUSIONS: China's polio-free status was achieved and maintained through strengthening routine immunization and implementing SIAs and AFP surveillance.

[The correlation study of HBV serological index in neonate's venus, cord blood and mother's venus blood].

OBJECTIVE: In this study, we discussed the consistency and correlation of HBV serological indexes between neonates' venous blood and cord blood whose mothers had chronical HBV infection, as well as the correlation of thoses indexes with the mothers'. METHOD: Chronically HBV infected mothers who were postive of both HBsAg and HBeAg and also had a HBV DNA virus load above 10(5) copies/ ml and their infants were enrolled. The mothers' venous blood were collected before delivery. The neonates' cord blood were collected at birth after removal of contaminants and disinfected with alcohol on the cord's surface, and the venous blood were collected before hepatitis B virus immune globin(HBIG) and hepatitis B vaccine were given. The levels of HBsAg, anti-HBs, HBeAg and anti-HBeAg were tested with Abbott microparticle chemiluminescence method (Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Architac i2000). HBV DNA quantification were tested by COBAS TagMan real-time PCR Assay. RESULTS: 383 mothers and their infants were enrolled. The positive rates of HBsAg in cord blood and venous blood were 61.2% and 63.9%. The positive rates of HBeAg level in cord blood and venous blood were 83.2% and 83.5%. The positive rates of HBV DNA level in cord blood and venous blood were 56.0% and 59.4%. The state of HBsAg, HBeAg and HBV DNA in cord blood and venous blood were consistency, and significant correlation was observed in their levels with correlation coefficients of 0.766, 0.857, and 0.692, respectively (P < 0.000). Significant correlation of the HBeAg levels were observed between mothers' venous blood and neonates' venous blood, as well as neonates' cord blood with correlation coefficients of 0.362 and 0.352 (P < 0.000). However, there was no significant correlation of HBsAg levels between them (r = 0.023, P = 0.785; r = 0.04, P = 0.604). CONCLUSIONS: The HBV serological index of neonate's cord blood could reflect the HBV serological indexes in venous blood because of the good correlation and consistency between them.

[A cross-sectional survey on the efficacy of 'China Healthy Lifestyle for All' in 2012].

OBJECTIVE: To study the efficacy of 'China Healthy Lifestyle for All' (CHLA). METHODS: Under similar GDP status, two counties(one with CHLA and one without)were randomly selected from each province of China. Cluster randomized sampling method was performed to select 500 over 18-year-olds from each county. Face-to-face questionnaire interview was used to collect data related to knowledge, awareness and behavior on healthy lifestyle. Generalized Estimated Equation was fitted for the multi-factor analysis. RESULTS: A total of 31 396 subjects were surveyed, with 11 871 urban and 6312 rural residents from counties that had under gone the CHLA. Another 3934 urban and 9279 rural subjects were from those counties that had not carried out the CHLA(as control group). In both urban and rural areas, the CHLA group seemed more likely to be aware of the Campaign itself and the knowledge on healthy lifestyle, than the control group as well as consciously limiting the salt and oil intake, after adjusting other factors such as county, gender, age and education. In the urban area, rates of awareness on the Campaign in both the CHLA and control groups were 57.1% and 31.7% (OR = 3.33, 95% CI:1.63-6.80, P = 0.001)respectively. And in the rural area, the rates of consciously limiting the salt intake in the CHLA group and in the control group were 51.5% and 38.8% (OR = 1.70, 95% CI:1.13-2.56, P = 0.011)respectively. In the urban area, subjects from the CHLA group were more likely to use the healthy supportive tools than the control group. Rates of using salt measuring spoons in both the CHLA group and control groups were 49.2% and 29.5% (OR = 2.46, 95% CI:1.45-4.17, P = 0.001) respectively. In the rural area, statistically significant difference was only found in the rate of using scaled oil pots(OR = 2.11, 95% CI:1.09-4.09, P = 0.028)between the CHLA group and the control group. In the rural area, the CHLA group was more likely to engage in more physical activities than the control group. No differences on the rates related to physical activities were found in the urban area. Some behavioral indicators such as the rates of consciously maintaining the body weight, daily intake of vegetables and fruits showed no statistically significant differences between the CHLA group and the control group either in the urban or in the rural areas. CONCLUSION: The 'China Healthy Lifestyle for All' seemed to have improved the knowledge on awareness and consciousness of healthy lifestyle. However, the effect of CHLA on the healthy behavior needs to be further evaluated.

Cbl-b and PI3K/Akt pathway are differently involved in oxygen-glucose deprivation preconditioning in PC12 cells.

BACKGROUND: Transient sublethal ischemia is known as ischemic preconditioning, which enables cells and tissues to survive subsequent prolonged lethal ischemic injury. Ischemic preconditioning exerts neuroprotection through phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway. Cbl-b belongs to the Casitas B-lineage lymphoma (Cbl) family, and it can regulate the cell signal transduction.The roles of ubiquitin ligase Cbl-b and PI3K/Akt pathway and the relationship between them in oxygen-glucose deprivation preconditioning (OGDPC) in PC12 cells were investigated in the present study. METHODS: Oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) model in PC12 cells was used in the present study. The 3-(4, 5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, nuclear staining with Hoechst 33258, and Western blotting were applied to explore the roles of Cbl-b and PI3K/Akt pathway and the relationship between them in OGDPC in PC12 cells. RESULTS: Cell viability was significantly changed by OGD and OGDPC. OGD significantly decreased cell viability compared with the control group (P < 0.05), and preconditioning could rescue this damage was demonstrated by the increase of cell viability (P < 0.05). The expression of Cbl-b was significantly increased after OGD treatment. However, the activation of Akt and GSK3ß was greatly inhibited. Preconditioning could inhibit the increase of Cbl-b caused by OGD and increase the activation of Akt and GSK3ß. LY294002, a specific inhibitor of PI3K, could effectively inhibit the increase of Akt and GSK3ß after preconditioning treatment. It partly inhibited the decrease of Cbl-b expression after preconditioning treatment. CONCLUSION: Ubiquitin ligase Cbl-b and PI3K/Akt pathway are differently involved in OGDPC in PC12 cells.